Airspace Control

1. Airspace control is the capabilities and procedures used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace (Joint Publication (JP) 3-52, Joint Airspace Control).
   
   1. There are two methods of airspace control: positive and procedural.
      
      1. Positive Control. A method of airspace control that relies on positive identification (ID), tracking, and direction of aircraft within an airspace, conducted with electronic means by an agency having the authority and responsibility therein (JP 3-52). Positive control requires sensors to locate and identify airspace users in real time and communications to maintain continuous contact with the user.
      2. Procedural Control. A method of airspace control which relies on a combination of previously agreed upon and promulgated orders and procedures (JP 3-52). Examples include:
         1. Air defense ID procedures and aircraft ID maneuvers.
         2. Voice and digital communications between aircraft and airspace control elements.
         3. Airspace control measures, such as low-level transit routes, minimum-risk routes, coordinating altitude, restricted operations zones, and high-density airspace control zones.
         4. Fire support coordinating measures, such as restrictive fire and no-fire areas.
2. At the tactical level, airspace control is provided by the interaction between airspace users and airspace control elements (JP 3-52). These may include:
   1. A control and reporting center (CRC).
   2. A tactical air operations center (TAOC).
   3. An E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS).
   4. An E-8 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS).
   5. A tactical air control center.
   6. An E-2 Hawkeye.
   7. A direct air support center (DASC).
   8. An air support operations center (ASOC).
   9. Air defense airspace management.
   10. A brigade aviation element.
   11. Other military and civil air traffic control entities.